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Authors
Chang, Wen-Hao
Kuan, Fa-Chuan
Chen, Yueh
Hong, Chih-Kai
Su, Wei-Ren
Hsu, Kai-Lan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Cheng Kung University
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Article History
Received: 10 October 2025
Accepted: 17 December 2025
First Online: 23 December 2025
Declarations
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: According to the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of National Cheng Kung University and the Human Subjects Research Act of Taiwan, this study did not require IRB approval because it involved only mechanical testing using synthetic Sawbone models and did not include any human participants or animal subjects. Therefore, informed consent was not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
