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Authors
Wu, Cheng-Ju https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7406-9962
Liu, Yuan-Fu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7363-4851
Chang, Chao-Jui https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5788-5194
Hsiao, Yu-Meng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6289-2433
Chuang, Hao-Chun https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9408-0651
Hsu, Yu-Chia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5666-9238
Lin, Cheng-Li https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7315-7709
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science and Technology Council (NSTC 112-2314-B-006-075)
National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan (NCKUH-11302030)
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Article History
Received: 14 March 2025
Accepted: 13 February 2026
First Online: 9 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study is a retrospective analysis, and all data were collected through a review of medical records and radiographs after de-identification. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki ( ) and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (REC) or the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of National Cheng Kung University Hospital (IRB approval number: A-ER-112-289). The requirement for informed consent was waived by the IRB in accordance with the regulations of ICH-GCP and the Central Competent Authorities. Further details regarding these regulations can be found on the NCKUH IRB website ( ). Proof of consent to publish from study participants can be provided upon request.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
