Huang, Yi-Chieh
Kao, Sheng-Wen
Chen, Yi-Chou
Cheng, Ming-Te
Article History
Received: 24 January 2026
Accepted: 20 March 2026
First Online: 30 March 2026
Declarations
:
: This study was conducted as a retrospective cross-sectional analysis using de-identified clinical and imaging data. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Taoyuan General Hospital, Taiwan (approval no. TYGH114057). The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board due to the retrospective design of the study and the use of anonymized data. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
: not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.