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Authors
Kahraman, Hamit Çağlayan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6150-9300
Demirel, Mehmet https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1131-7719
Yıldırım, Cem https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4540-1927
Karaköse, Reşit https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0777-0413
Gücük, Sude https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5573-475X
Bozdağ, Süreyya Ergün https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7412-1129
Kocabey, Yavuz https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2949-7458
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Article History
Received: 30 December 2025
Accepted: 14 May 2026
First Online: 12 June 2026
Declarations
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: This study was a biomechanical investigation conducted at the Istanbul Technical University Laboratory of Biomechanics and Strength of Materials. The biological tissues used were obtained as by‑products from bovine carcasses slaughtered for food production at licensed abattoirs. No animals were sacrificed specifically for the purposes of this research.All procedures conformed to the applicable local institutional regulations governing the use of abattoir‑sourced biological materials. In accordance with these regulations and institutional policy, this project did not require additional approval from an institutional animal ethics committee or an institutional review board. No human participants or identifiable data were involved.
: Not applicable. All authors had reviewed the final manuscript and give consent for submission and publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
