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Authors
Hamad, Christopher D.
Wiener, Joshua
Liu, Timothy
Golzar, Autreen
Dajani, Al-Hassan J.
Kaelber, David C.
Bernthal, Nicholas M.
Sheppard, William L.
Baghdadi, Soroush
Silva, Mauricio
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Article History
Received: 26 February 2026
Accepted: 25 May 2026
First Online: 28 May 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study used de-identified aggregate data accessed through the TriNetX Research Network user interface. No line-level patient data were downloaded or accessed by the authors. All data were de-identified in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule using expert determination methods. The study was not submitted to a local institutional review board because it did not constitute human subjects research under 45 CFR ยงย 46.102, and institutional review board approval was therefore not required. Informed consent, including parental or legal guardian consent for participants younger than 16 years, was not required because no identifiable participants were enrolled and no participant contact occurred. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
