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Authors
Yang, Mao Yi
Hung, Li Wei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital (2021SKHADR017)
Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (NSTC114-2622-E-341-001)
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Article History
Received: 20 January 2026
Accepted: 3 June 2026
First Online: 9 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (IRB number: 20260127R). The need for written informed consent from individual participants was waived by the Institutional Review Board because the analysis used only de‑identified data from a federated electronic medical record network and involved no direct patient contact or intervention.
Consent for publication: Not applicable, as this study used only de‑identified data and did not involve individual patient images or case reports requiring consent.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
