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Authors
Purngpiputtrakul, Peeranut
Thitirangsi, Tharit
Warinsiriruk, Eakkachai
Thongchuea, Nutchanat
Nirunsuk, Pornsak
Luksameearunothai, Kitchai
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Faculty of Medicine Vajira hospital, Navamindradhiraj University
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Article History
Received: 14 March 2026
Accepted: 25 June 2026
First Online: 4 July 2026
Declarations
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: This study used only synthetic tibial bone models and did not involve human participants, human tissue, or animals; therefore, formal ethical approval and informed consent were not required. The protocol was nevertheless reviewed and registered by the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University (COE 031/2022)(Date of acknowledgement 30/09/2022).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
