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Authors
Xin, Deng
Huan, Ma
Xinyi, Guo
Rui, Li
Fei, Fu
Hui, Zhao
Lin, Guo
Yeda, Wan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Tianjin Key Medical Discipline (Specialty) Construction Project (TJYXZDXK-026A)
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Article History
Received: 8 March 2026
Accepted: 30 June 2026
First Online: 4 July 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Hospital. Due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of fully anonymized clinical and imaging data, the requirement for written informed consent from participants was waived by the ethics committee.
: Not applicable. This study utilized retrospectively collected, anonymized abdominal CT images and clinical data, and no identifying personal information, photographs, or other clinical details that could compromise patient anonymity are presented in this manuscript. Therefore, informed consent for publication was not required.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
