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Article History

Received: 24 March 2026

Accepted: 6 July 2026

First Online: 13 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was based on data obtained from two national sources: publicly available, aggregated statistical data from the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (Socialstyrelsen) via the NPR, and de-identified data from the Swedish Shoulder Arthroplasty Register (SSAR), provided by the registry holder. No individual-level data containing personal identifiers were accessed or processed in either source. Under the Swedish Ethical Review Act (SFS 2003:460), ethical review is required for research involving the processing of personal data as defined by the EU General Data Protection Regulation. As neither data source contained personal identifiers, ethical approval was not required, and no application was submitted to the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (Etikprövningsmyndigheten). Informed consent was not applicable, as no individual participants were included and no personal data were collected or processed.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.