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Authors
Zhong, Xiangping
Ran, Zhongying
Xia, Weidong
Zhang, Meng
Ding, Maohua
He, Lijin
Tong, Xiaoguang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Hunan Provincial National Health Service Research (202204045210, 202204045210)
Yongzhou Science and Technology Department Project (2020-YZKJ-033)
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Article History
Received: 1 December 2024
Accepted: 11 August 2025
First Online: 3 October 2025
Declarations
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: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.Local ethics committee approval was not mandatory for this retrospective review on previously collected blinded data. The study was conducted based on the requirements of The Human Investigation Committee of Tianjin Huanhu Hospital with the aim to improve the quality of medical procedures, according to national regulations.The requirement for written informed consent from each patient was waived owing to the retrospective design of the study by The Human Investigation Committee of Tianjin Huanhu Hospital. Nevertheless, all patients signed the informed consent form for surgery before surgery.Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
: The authors affirm that human research participants provided written informed consent for publication of the images in Figs. and .
: The authors declare no competing interests.
