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Article History

Received: 29 April 2025

Accepted: 11 August 2025

First Online: 2 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Al-Thawra Modern General Hospital, Sana’a, Yemen (Reference Number: IRB-TMGH-2020-04).The requirement for written informed consent was waived, in accordance with the approval of the ethics committee. This waiver was granted owing to the prospective observational design of the study, which involved the analysis of de-identified data collected as part of routine clinical care and an established trauma registry. The study posed minimal risk to participants and did not involve any experimental interventions. Patient confidentiality was rigorously maintained throughout all phases of the study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.