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Authors
Chang, Yu-Jui
Hsu, Chi-Hsiang
Liao, Chien-Chang
Kuo, Feng-Chih
Lu, Yu-Der
Hsu, Shan-Ling
Chen, Jen-Hung
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Article History
Received: 31 March 2025
Accepted: 4 September 2025
First Online: 3 October 2025
Declarations
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: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The protocols used in this retrospective study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Taiwan (IRB Study No. 202300521B0). The IRB waived the requirement for individual informed consent due to the retrospective nature of the study. To protect patient privacy, all data were fully de-identified prior to analysis, and unique study numbers were assigned to replace personal identifiers. Access to raw data was restricted to authorized research personnel only, and all data were stored on secure, password-protected institutional servers.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
