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Authors
Qi, Xueqin
Liu, Chang
Liao, Bizhen
Wang, Xinmiao
Wu, Yadan
Liao, Yichu
Lin, Lifang
Bai, Xue
Wang, Zhonglian
Ding, Hong
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Article History
Received: 7 February 2025
Accepted: 29 September 2025
First Online: 29 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study utilized the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), a publicly available, completely de-identified database from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). This research was determined to be exempt from Institutional Review Board review by Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China. as it involved analysis of publicly available de-identified data with no patient identifiers. Individual consent was not required due to the de-identified nature of the dataset. This study was conducted in full compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki principles for medical research involving human subjects.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
