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Authors
Hsu, Phillip J.
Kwizera, Donata
Ishimwe, Faustin
Ingabire, Diane
Habumufasha, Jean Pierre
Ntezamizero, Japhet
Nduwimana, Axelle
Niyihuza, Chaste Dominique
Ruhinda, Evarist
Uwakunda, Carine
Rollins, Paris D.
Ndibanje, Alain Jules
Odayar, Varshini
Riviello, Robert
Alayande, Barnabas T.
Petroze, Robin T.
Ntaganda, Edmond
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health (NIH T32 CA009672 University of Michigan Surgical Oncology Research Training Program)
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Article History
Received: 11 July 2025
Accepted: 8 October 2025
First Online: 17 November 2025
Declarations
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: IRB approval was obtained from the Rwanda National Ethics Committee (No.504/RNEC/2024), the University of Michigan (HUM00261603), and all district and regional hospital ethical boards (permission letters). Participation was voluntary, and participants were able to withdraw without penalty. All participants provided written informed consent to participate. All research was conducted in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
