Zhang, Yingkai
Ma, Tianle
Jiang, Chang
Hua, Bingxuan
Cao, Lu
Yan, Zuoqin
Article History
Received: 8 June 2025
Accepted: 24 October 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Declarations
:
: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhongshan Hospital (B2019-135R), Fudan University. All cadaveric specimens used in this research were obtained from the School of Medicine, Fudan University. The cadavers were voluntarily donated for medical research and educational purposes. Informed consent was obtained from each donor or their next of kin prior to donation, in accordance with institutional and national ethical guidelines. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All the patients consented to participate in this study, and informed consents were signed by themselves in all instances.
: The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable (Retrospective Study).