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Article History

Received: 29 October 2025

Accepted: 19 January 2026

First Online: 24 January 2026

Change Date: 17 May 2026

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The original online version of this article was revised: The Affiliation has been updated in the article PDF.

Declarations

:

: Not applicable. Administrative permissions were required to access the raw data used in this study and the corresponding author’s (Jian Wang) work unit (The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.) has already granted permission from Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) to access Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Nationwide Databases. However, this observational study used deidentifed publicly available data, hence there was no requirement for consent to participate and it was deemed exempt by the ethics committee. So there is no need to grant permission in the Ethics approval and consent to participate section. What is more, the data used in this study were no need anonymized before its use. All methods are carried out following relevant guidelines and regulations. The data used in this study were not need anonymized before its use.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.