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Authors
Ma, Jingbo
Li, Tusheng
Jiang, Qiang
Han, Jiaheng
Ding, Yu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82274637)
The “Sancai–Yidui” Science and Technology Innovation Team Program
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Article History
Received: 30 October 2025
Accepted: 2 February 2026
First Online: 11 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Sixth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital (Approval No. HZKY-PJ-2024-36). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Given the retrospective nature of the study and the use of anonymized and de-identified data, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee.
: The present study was designed as a retrospective analysis utilizing existing medical records. As the nature of the study involves the use of anonymized and de-identified patient data, with no direct interaction with human subjects and no access to personal identifying information, the requirement for individual participant consent was deemed unnecessary by the Ethics Committee. Consequently, a formal “Consent to Participate” declaration is not applicable to this manuscript.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
