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Article History

Received: 10 December 2025

Accepted: 5 March 2026

First Online: 14 March 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the national ethical standards and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study protocol was reviewed and approved by the ethical committee of the “Praxis Dr. med. Hauser Renward S.» outpatient obesity center. Written informed consent was obtained from the patients for use of their anonymized data for research purposes. Clinical trial registration: Not applicable.

: Not applicable. No individual person’s identifiable personal or clinical details, images or videos are included in this article.

: Prof. Bueter reports consulting fees from Johnson & Johnson and Medtronic, outside the submitted work. The other authors have no commercial associations to disclose.