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Article History

Received: 2 December 2025

Accepted: 16 March 2026

First Online: 27 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Zhejiang Hospital (Approval No.: ZJHIRB-2025–178 K). All data extraction and analyses were conducted in strict adherence to the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national regulations on medical research ethics, with rigorous safeguards implemented to protect the privacy and confidentiality of participants throughout the study process. Given the retrospective design and de-identification of all patient data to protect privacy, the IRB waived the requirement for individual informed consent in accordance with local ethical regulations.

: not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.