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Authors
Gao, Hua
Liu, Zhenyu
Xu, Guoqiang
Wang, Yijun
Wang, Jiatian
Ma, Ji
Zhou, Rubing
Wang, Baojun
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Incubating Program Fundings (PX2021004)
Capital Medical Development Research Fund (2022-2-2027)
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Article History
Received: 2 March 2026
Accepted: 2 April 2026
First Online: 16 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in strict accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013) and the ‘Measures for the Ethical Review of Biomedical Research Involving Humans’ (2016, China). The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University (Approval Number: 2023-P2-211-01).Given the retrospective nature of the study, the use of anonymized/de-identified data extracted from existing medical records, and the minimal risk to participants, the requirement for individual informed consent was formally waived by the IRB in accordance with Article 39 of the ‘Measures for the Ethical Review of Biomedical Research Involving Humans’ (2016, China), which permits waiver of informed consent for retrospective chart reviews when the research poses no more than minimal risk to participants and does not adversely affect their rights and welfare. All patient data were anonymized prior to analysis to ensure privacy protection.
: Not applicable (no identifiable patient data or images are included).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
