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Article History

Received: 13 November 2025

Accepted: 6 April 2026

First Online: 21 April 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Council of Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (approval No. ME-TBHP-19-24). Due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of anonymized clinical data, the requirement for written informed consent was waived by the ethics committee.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.