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Article History

Received: 28 November 2025

Accepted: 20 April 2026

First Online: 21 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This single-center retrospective study was approved by the Science and Technology Ethics Committee of the Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital (Approval Number: KY2025986; Approval Date: August 21, 2025); it was also permitted by the hospital’s Office of Scientific Research (Approval Date: August 29, 2025). All patients were informed preoperatively of the potential intraoperative use of Sapylin or normal saline and provided written informed consent. Because anonymized retrospective clinical data were used, the ethics committee approved a waiver of re-consent for this study. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.