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Authors
Wang, Xuejing
Yuan, Yuan
Zhou, Ping
Gu, Bin
Jiang, Xuping
Sha, Yan
Li, Na
Gan, Aiping
Chen, Qingli
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The First Affliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Clinical Ability Improvement Project Nursing (No. JSPH-NB-2022-1)
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Article History
Received: 18 March 2026
Accepted: 14 July 2026
First Online: 21 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study is a retrospective analysis and has received approval from the Institutional Review Board of The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. The study was conducted in strict accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of anonymized clinical data.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
