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Authors
Liu, Pei
Li, Xin
Li, Jiayi
Li, Zonghan
Yang, Yang
Sun, Ning
Song, Hongcheng
Zhang, Weiping
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Article History
Received: 23 February 2025
Accepted: 29 May 2025
First Online: 4 June 2025
Declarations
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: This retrospective study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health (Approval No. IEC-C-006-A04-V.07.1). The exemption is in line with the national regulations (Article 39 of China’s Ethical Review Measures for Biomedical Research Involving Humans) that allow for waived informed consent in retrospective studies under strict confidentiality and anonymization protocols. Additionally, all patients provided written informed consent for their clinical procedures (including hospitalization and surgery) during their admission. Patient identities were completely anonymized, and no personally identifiable information was used for this study.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
