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Article History

Received: 17 July 2025

Accepted: 24 November 2025

First Online: 13 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All data used in this study are publicly available from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), and additional ethics approval was not required. The NHANES protocols were approved by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Research Ethics Review Board, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.