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Article History

Received: 4 December 2025

Accepted: 7 April 2026

First Online: 4 June 2026

Declarations

:

: All research involving human participants, samples, and data in this study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles stated in the WMA Declaration of Helsinki (2024 revision, ). Prior to the initiation of the study, the research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command (Approval Protocol No. Y (2025)-290). The waiver of informed consent was formally approved by the above-mentioned ethics committee. The rationale for the waiver is as follows: 1) This study is a retrospective comparative analysis; all participant information was fully anonymized; 2) The study did not involve additional interventions or excessive risks; 3) Obtaining informed consent was impracticable; 4) The research has significant clinical value for optimizing EPN treatment. This waiver is consistent with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.