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Authors
Lu, Hanbo
Zhang, Yusa
Wang, Zhan
Zhao, Yang
Liu, Jiang
Qiu, Dongxu
Zhang, Yushi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF (GZC20230301)
CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Science (2024-I2M-C&T-B-023)
Beijing Natural Science Foundation (L258065)
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Article History
Received: 2 March 2026
Accepted: 16 June 2026
First Online: 20 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants, human data, human tissue, animal experiments, patient records, medical images, or identifiable personal information. The analysis was based solely on pre-existing urology examination questions used for educational assessment and responses generated by large language models. No individual-level data from examinees, patients, clinicians, or platform users were collected, processed, or analyzed. Therefore, ethics approval and informed consent were not required.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
