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Authors
Babović, Marko https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6296-0689
Aguayo, David https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4085-8744
Wiskemann, Joachim https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5971-5436
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg
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Article History
Received: 30 April 2026
Accepted: 25 August 2026
First Online: 14 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was approved on 01 July 2019 by the local Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Germany (S-458/2019). All participants provided written informed consent prior to inclusion in the study. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: M.B. is the owner of an independently operated Kieser franchise studio in Offenbach, Germany, where the intervention was conducted. He is not employed by Kieser Training AG. D.A. is employed by Kieser Training AG. The biofeedback device used in the intervention was made available by the Research Department of Kieser Training AG for the duration of the study. The study was conducted as part of an independent doctoral research project and was neither commissioned nor financially supported by Kieser Training AG. Kieser Training AG had no role in the study design, data collection, statistical analysis, interpretation of the results, manuscript preparation, or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. All remaining authors declare that they have no competing interests.
