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Authors
Jing, Yajie
Liu, Wanlu
Qin, Hancheng
Chen, Zhihong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (82160502)
The Doctoral Scientific Research Start-Up Foundation of Suzhou University (2023bsk021)
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Article History
Received: 2 November 2025
Accepted: 9 February 2026
First Online: 14 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study is a secondary analysis of existing, de-identified data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. As the project did not involve direct interaction with human subjects and utilized only pre-existing, anonymized data, it does not constitute “human subjects research” as per prevailing ethical guidelines. Therefore, ethical approval was not required for this study. All data were accessed and used in accordance with TCGA’s data use policies. The research was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
