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Authors
Tu, Jiabin
Wu, Bo
Chen, Hongkui
Guo, Yansong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China General Program (82171569)
Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2023J01176)
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Article History
Received: 21 November 2024
Accepted: 28 June 2025
First Online: 4 July 2025
Declarations
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: The ethical approval of NHANES was granted by the US National Center for Health Statistics Research Ethics Review Board (Protocol No. 98 − 12, Protocol No. 2011-17, Continuation of Protocol No. 2011-17, Protocol No. 2018-01) (available at: ). NHANES was conducted according to the Helsinki Declaration, the protocols of NHANES were approved by the National Center for Health Statistics Research Ethics Review Board. NHANES is a publicly available dataset. The analysis in this study is a secondary analysis of NHANES data; thus, ethical approval is exempted under the US Health and Human Services (HHS) regulations at 45 CFR 46.104 (available at: ). Written informed consent was acquired before household interview and health examinations; the participants were assured that the data collected will be used only for stated purposes and will not be disclosed or released to others without the consent (available at: ).
: All human participants provided written informed consent prior to their involvement in NHANES.
: All authors agreed to publish the manuscript.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
