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Authors
Duan, Yanan
Zhang, Ru
Zhang, Yan
Ma, Yuanxuan
Li, Miaomiao
Zhang, Wenke
Liu, Shiguo
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Le Ling Leading Research Program Research Fund Project (60)
Natural Science Fund Project of Shandong Province (ZR2019MH127)
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Article History
Received: 27 July 2024
Accepted: 31 August 2025
First Online: 22 September 2025
Declarations
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: The study protocol was approved by the NCHS Ethics Review Board (), and was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, with all NHANES participants providing their written informed consent.
: Not Applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
