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Article History

Received: 8 December 2024

Accepted: 16 September 2025

First Online: 21 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the Ethical Research Committee of the Board of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum State, Sudan (December 4th, 2013). Informed written consent was obtained from all subjects before participating in the study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Not applicable.