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Authors
Liu, Hongxia
Wang, Yan
Wang, Miao
Zhang, Bo
Ma, Caixia
Cui, Lianlian
Wang, Qianhan
Cao, Zhenfeng
Yang, Zhongwen
Shi, Changsong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medical Science and Technology Research Program Joint Construction Project of Henan Province (LHGJ20210003, LHGJ20220043)
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Article History
Received: 25 May 2025
Accepted: 15 October 2025
First Online: 12 November 2025
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, with protocol number (2023) Ethics No. (49). The management of the Henan Provincial People’s Hospital also gave permission to carry out this study. However, a waiver of informed consent was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Henan Provincial People’s Hospital since the waiver would not adversely affect the rights and welfare of the subjects because the study was retrospective and involved no more than minimal risk to the subjects.
: Not applicable.
: Part of the data was presented at the IDF World Diabetes Congress 2022, Lisbon and online, December 5–8.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
