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Authors
Yang, Jian
Liu, Jie
Liu, Zhongyao
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Article History
Received: 20 September 2025
Accepted: 4 December 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Declarations
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: Each participant in the CHARLS cohort, which was conducted under Peking University’s ethics review committee, gave their informed permission before taking part (IRB00001052-11015). In addition, the Declaration of Helsinki was followed during our research. The necessary standards and legislation were followed in the execution of all procedures, including the declarations in the Declarations section.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
