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Authors
Banull, Nicholas R.
Bryan, Melanie
Stone, Stephen I.
Shimony, Hope
Ingram, Amanda
Arbeláez, Ana María
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Article History
Received: 24 August 2025
Accepted: 30 December 2025
First Online: 24 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by Washington University’s Human Research Protection Office Committee and was conducted in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent for participation in this study was waived by the Washington University in St. Louis Institutional Review Board (IRB), according to the IRB approval dated 11/02/23 (Exempt). The waiver was granted based on section 164.512 (i) of the HIPAA Privacy Rule, ensuring minimal risk to participants’ privacy and including plans to protect and destroy identifiers. Given this exemption, informed consent to participate was not obtained from participants, or parents or legal guardians for any participant under the age of 16. Clinical trial number: not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Datasets analyzed during this study are not publicly available for privacy reasons. Requests for de-identified data can be made by contacting the corresponding author (AMA).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
