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Article History

Received: 21 May 2025

Accepted: 9 January 2026

First Online: 17 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey protocol was approved by the National Center for Health Statistics Research Ethics Review Board, which belongs to the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. All NHANES study protocols adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. This study utilized de-identified, publicly available NHANES data, and therefore, further institutional review board approval was not required from our institution.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.