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Authors
Yang, Dong
Huang, Jialiang
Duan, Lincheng
Chen, Zeping
Feng, Yue
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Sichuan Provincial Natural Science Foundation (25NSFSC2297)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82575249)
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Article History
Received: 4 September 2025
Accepted: 21 January 2026
First Online: 28 January 2026
Declarations
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: NHANES: Data were collected with the approval of the NCHS Research Ethics. Review Board, and NHANES data were collected following approval by the National Center for Health Statistics Research Ethics Review Committee and anonymized prior to public release. All participants signed informed consent forms before participating in the study. CHARLS data were collected by the CHARLS research team and are publicly available. This study was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (IRB00001052-11015). This secondary analysis utilizes de-identified public data and therefore does not require additional ethical review.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
