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Authors
Tian, Yuele
Xiang, Yaqi
Wei, Limin
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Article History
Received: 3 December 2025
Accepted: 11 February 2026
First Online: 21 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study has been approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Hebei General Hospital ([2025] Scientific Research Ethics Review No. 442). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Due to the retrospective nature of the study, the need for informed consent was waived by the ethics committee; however, all patient data were anonymized and de-identified prior to analysis. This observational study was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Hebei General Hospital (Approval No. [2025] Scientific Research Ethics Review No. 442). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki. Due to its retrospective design, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the aforementioned ethics committee. All patient data were anonymized and de-identified prior to analysis to protect participant privacy.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
