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Article History

Received: 10 November 2025

Accepted: 4 March 2026

First Online: 24 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The Institutional Review Board/Ethics Committee of Tokai Central Hospital of the Mutual Aid Association of Public School Teachers in Gifu, Japan, approved the study (approval nos. 2022051601, 2022051602, 2022060301, 2022061001, and 2024022801). The part of the study assessing the validity of correction formulas using blood gas data sampling and comparing diagnostic and pseudo cases was a retrospective, noninvasive observational study. Therefore, the ethics committee waived the requirement for written informed consent. For cases identified through health checkups as requiring further examination, written informed consent was obtained after providing a detailed explanation of the necessity and content of the examination, as well as the intended use of the data for clinical research.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.