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Authors
Ding, Rong https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9265-8330
Su, Rui
Deng, Yanhua
Niu, Xin
Liu, Jia
Wu, Jiayu
Wang, Liqiong
Zhao, Hui https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9833-8389
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Hospital Fund Project of the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (NO. 202404-10)
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Article History
Received: 10 January 2026
Accepted: 27 April 2026
First Online: 6 May 2026
Declarations
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: Approval for using the MIMIC-IV database was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Institutional Review Board of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. The MIMIC database’s existing ethical approval applies to the data in this study, eliminating the requirement for additional ethical approval or informed consent. This retrospective study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
