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Authors
Qiu, Ziran
Long, Hongmei
Li, Rui
Yang, Jun
Cao, Wenqing
Chen, Shanzheng
Jin, Na
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Article History
Received: 17 July 2026
Accepted: 2 September 2026
First Online: 11 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: KNHANES IV was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. It was approved by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention institutional review board (2007-02CON-04-P, 2008-04EXP-01-C, and 2009-01CON-03–2-C), and written informed consent was obtained from participants. The present study used de-identified public-use data and involved no additional participant contact.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
