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Article History

Received: 7 April 2024

Accepted: 17 January 2025

First Online: 5 February 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University (IRB No. 00010556-IORG 0008839). All methods were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the ethical guidelines adopted by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University. Human teeth extracted due to periodontal or orthodontic reasons have been used. The extracted teeth have been collected from the [outpatient clinic] where extracted teeth were left voluntarily by the patients/parents/guardians at the disposal of the units’ staff, and informed consents were obtained from them regarding leaving the teeth for research purposes. All teeth specimens were de-identified of all potentially identifying private information.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.