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Article History

Received: 7 July 2023

Accepted: 17 February 2025

First Online: 21 March 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Peking University Health Science Center (IRB00001052-19143). Our study included participants whose education level were ‘primary or less’, but it only means they had no formal diploma or the ability to read written language, not that they had no verbal comprehension. For these participants, the investigator will detailly explain the meaning of the informed consent face to face, to ensure that they fully understand the informed consent, and voluntarily participate in the study. After that, we collected their written signature on the print-out informed consent. All participants provided written or oral informed consent. In China’s ethical requirements, there is no provision that “the illiterate older adults need legal representatives to sign informed consent forms”.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.