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Article History

Received: 1 January 2025

Accepted: 18 March 2025

First Online: 4 April 2025

Declarations

:

: This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki on medical ethics and has been approved by the Acıbadem University Human Research Ethics Committee (Approval No: 2023-07/239). This study utilized publicly available and anonymized judicial decisions sourced from karararama.gov.tr, an official government database. As the data were fully anonymized and accessible in compliance with Turkish legal provisions (e.g., Constitution Article 141(3); Personal Data Protection (Law No. 6698), Article 3(ç) and Article 5(2); and Turkish Code of Civil Procedure (Law No. 6100), Article 28) and the Higher Education Institutions Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Directive, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the ethics committee.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.