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Authors
AbuBakr, Nermeen https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2962-0070
Ahmed, Geraldine M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2273-3438
Kamel, Amany Hany Mohamed https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3562-1099
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Cairo University
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Article History
Received: 19 December 2024
Accepted: 19 March 2025
First Online: 11 April 2025
Declarations
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: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Institutional Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University (Approval no. 16/10/21), in line with the guidelines set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was acquired from all participating patients before sample collection, following a thorough explanation of the study’s goals, procedures, and any potential discomforts and risks.
