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Article History

Received: 24 January 2025

Accepted: 2 April 2025

First Online: 23 August 2025

Declarations

:

: In this prospective study, orthopantomography images were obtained from Kaggle, a machine learning platform, for fractal analysis. Since the data sets used were publicly available on Kaggle, ethical approval was not required. Since the publicly available data obtained were anonymous, we did not obtain consent from the individuals from whom the orthopantomograms were obtained. The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.