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Article History

Received: 1 January 2025

Accepted: 28 April 2025

First Online: 7 May 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Fatima Jinnah Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan via certificate number AUG-2024-OPR03. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection. All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.