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Authors
Liao, Shuwei
Zhu, Guanxiong
Zeng, Liting
Yu, Yang
Zhang, Zeyu
Zhang, Hongru
Wang, Jingyuan
Yu, Lina
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Article History
Received: 25 January 2025
Accepted: 29 April 2025
First Online: 14 May 2025
Declarations
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: This retrospective cohort study was deemed exempt because it used publicly available data (National Inpatient Sample, NIS) and not contain any human participants or animals. As is the case with other studies utilizing the NIS, this study did not require ethical review, as the data are anonymous and cannot be linked to any individuals.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
