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Authors
Liu, Jian
Jin, Chaoran
Wang, Xiaolan
Pan, Kexu
Li, Zhuoyang
Yi, Xinxuan
Shao, Yu
Sun, Xiaodong
Yu, Xijiao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Jinan Medical and Health Science and Technology Big Data Development Plan (2023-YBD-1-08, 2022-YBD-17)
Jinan Municipal Science and Technology Plan Project (202430028)
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Article History
Received: 26 December 2024
Accepted: 5 May 2025
First Online: 26 May 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Jinan Stomatological Hospital Ethics Committee for research involving human subjects (approval number: JNSKQYY-2022-023). All patients involved in the PRs provided informed consent, and the experimental procedures were strictly conducted in accordance with the principles and regulations outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Additionally, the three novice dentists provided their signed informed consent.
: All participants involved in the periapical radiographs used in this study provided their informed consent. All images and data presented in the manuscript are anonymized to protect patient identities. All participants submitted consent for publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
