O’Neill, Ciaran https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7668-3934
Brocklehurst, Paul R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1878-9030
Syed, Saif https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1971-3003
Harvey, Michelle
Daniyal, Sana https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8886-613X
Watson, Sinead
Goulden, Nia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6511-3987
Verey, Anna https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1988-5710
Cairns, Peter
Heilmann, Anja https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8188-5087
Hoare, Zoe https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1803-5482
Kee, Frank https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7169-9344
Langley, Joe https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9770-8720
Lievesley, Nat
Sherriff, Andrea https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1016-037X
Smith, Craig J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9078-9919
Wassall, Rebecca R. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6851-5666
Watt, Richard G. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6229-8584
McKenna, Gerald https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8478-1673
Tsakos, Georgios https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5086-235X
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute for Health Research (Public Health Research Programme: PHR 17/03/11)
National Institute for Health Research (Public Health Research Programme: PHR 17/03/11)
National Institute for Health Research (Public Health Research Programme: PHR 17/03/11)
National Institute for Health Research (Public Health Research Programme: PHR 17/03/11)
National Institute for Health Research (Public Health Research Programme: PHR 17/03/11)
National Institute for Health Research (Public Health Research Programme: PHR 17/03/11)
National Institute for Health Research (Public Health Research Programme: PHR 17/03/11)
Article History
Received: 30 May 2025
Accepted: 30 May 2025
First Online: 2 July 2025
Declarations
:
: The TOPIC study was approved by the London: City & East Research Ethics Committee (ref: 19/LO/1107).
: Not applicable.
: All participants provided written informed consent.
: N/a.
: ISRCTN10276613. Registered on 17th April 2020. .
: The authors declare no competing interests.